Theory Of Composition [Archive]

Crunk

11-10-2004, 04:49 PM

well vivek (hells angel) asked me yesterday.. to send him some info abt composition.. this is where most of us are lacking the ability to compose our work.. its a little big so read in your free time.. examples in next post..
 
UNDERSTANDING OF COMPOSITION Composition can be defined as a means of taking appropriate elements and arranging them within the organization area to communicate the artist's views, ideas, and feelings effectively to the viewer. Placing selected elements at key areas is very important. 
Composition can create either a strong and interesting piece of work, or a weak and confused piece. Your composition should combine forms and space to produce a harmonious whole and meaningful statement. When you see a really great piece of art it didn't just happen. It was not the result of throwing together objects, or filling the background with detail. It is the result of careful planning, without that, the viewer could be left feeling confused and unsatisfied. A well-composed picture will leave the viewer feeling satisfied, and create an urge to see more. Every artist approaches any given subject differently thats because everyone has a different perspective over a topic. One may like the more romantic approach, while another may want to portray it realistically. Another may choose to work with different textures to create a mood or atmosphere with contrast for the viewer. There are so many variations. Basically composition allows you to say what you want to say. It brings out the atmosphere that is required by the subject.. In composing your picture, you decide what you want your main point of focus to be. Each artist may see the same thing, and each could choose a different point of interest. These forms that will be your point of interest could be made larger, clearer, stronger, brighter then they may actually appear in real life. Less important forms will be smaller or less distinct. Perspective is very important!..cause it is the creation of depth on a flat surface that brings out the movement in the scene. Through composition, and having a main focal point, the artist can actually control which part of his picture the viewer will linger over. Once a definite focal point is established, the viewer can be lead either directly or indirectly through the art. The use of light and dark contrasts will also emphasize the center of interest. 
Before painting, the artist needs an idea. They must determine subject matter, and compose the subject manner in a way that is going to be the most effective. What kind of mood is going to be created? What emotions are going to be evoked? What content should be in the picture to capture the viewer, allowing them to grasp what the artist has envisioned? Will anything in the picture distract the viewer, and should it be moved, or removed? Is this the very best composition for this subject? Is the *proportion correct? Once the artist has thought through various questions such as these, it is time to put the ideas to paper. Rough sketches are used to ensure composition is correct, and that the picture captures the feeling the artist is trying to convey. Sketches should be kept simple, broad, and not contain a lot of detail. Once the artist feels they have captured the effect, focal point,*rhythm and design and feeling they want to create for the viewer, the sketches can then be transferred to the final work of art. The 4 main elements of composition are: *Picture area A.K.A Organising Area: This is the surface within the four borders of your picture that is used for the drawing or painting. The picture area will help you determine placement of objects, and how big they should be. *Depth: This is the illusion of distance or a third dimension. Depth creates a three dimensional effect, making objects feel closer, or further away. The finished result will not appear flat on the paper or canvas if depth is created. *Line: The line or direction the viewer's eye takes to go through the picture. The objects or forms within the picture should lead the eye to the focal point. When art is viewed, most people will begin in the bottom left corner, and continue through the picture to the right. A good composition will not allow the viewer to keep going right, all the way off the page. The viewer should be lead back into the painting in a flowing motion. *Value: This is the lightness, or darkness of an area, or a shape within the picture. It is also used to create the over-all feel of the picture.

dynafx

11-10-2004, 05:13 PM

Interesting topic 
 
recently i've a thread bout this in another forum too 
summary & few info from there 
 
http://www.geocities.com/~jlhagan/advanced/golden_mean.htm 
 
The golden mean is also called the "golden section" and sometimes "divine
proportion" 
 
Its ratio is approx 1: 1.618 and its proportions appear in
nature, in ancient greece and ancient egypt, works of artists like da Vinci, or
modern day artists like Jeffrey Smart 
 
Euclid's method to find the golden
section of a straight line: 
 
"Let a line AB of length 1 be divided into
two segments by the point C. Let the lengths AC and CB be "a" and "b"
respectively. If C is a point such that 1:a as a:b, C is the "golden cut" or
golden section of AB" 
 
From this you can constuct golden rectangles,
golden spirals, decide character proportions, or of course plan
compositions. 
 
The proportions of the golden mean are thought to be most
pleasing to the human eye, given that we have lived with it as a species for
some time. 
 
So when you're applying the rule of 3rds, you going for the
same result, but in a faster, but less accurate way. 
 
But also remember
that rules are meant to be broken. Sometimes its great to use the golden mean,
other times, you need to discard it as your composition strives to make some other point. But like
anything, you become better at breaking rules, when you know how to use them in
the first place, and then experience and experimentation will guide you from
there. 
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" width="100%" border="0">
<t><tr><td ="alt2" style="border-style: inset; border-width: 1px;"></td></tr></t>
</table>
FIBONACI sequence 
0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987 etc. 
(to get the next value, just add the two previous values together) 
 
The next number in
line is the sum of the two previous ones, so in array language a[n] = a[n-1] +
a[n-2]. 
<img src="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Administrator/Desktop/fibSpiralANIM.gif" alt="" border="0"> 
(if this doesnt work) 
http://www.geocities.com/dynafx/fibSpiralANIM.gif 
 
Steven Stahlberg explains in a superb way, 
 
http://www.optidigit.com/stevens/compotut.html 
 
still, 
1)You study the rules, and compose your piece according to those rules.
 
 
2)You follow no rules, and use your gut instinct. 
 
You can get
great results with both, but the 2nd one will require an innate ability that
people equate to talent. 
 
these are the new things, i've learnt 
<img src="smileys/smiley2.gif" border="0">

Crunk

11-10-2004, 05:37 PM

yes very well put... there are many rulez to compostition.. but only a few will apply to the way you want your artwork to look...  and you need to know the rulez to break themm.. a good understanding of the rulez can do wonders to your composition.. can say by personal experience.. ignore it and it shall take its revenge on you ..lol<IMG src="smileys/smiley36.gif" border="0">..... anyway checkout the sites posted by dyna.. i have been to them before and they are good resoureces for info..

hells angel

12-10-2004, 12:58 AM

hey thanks crunk......this is gonna help a lot...havent had the time to look through it all...but will soon...thanks dyna.......
watch me get better...<IMG src="smileys/smiley36.gif" border="0">

Crunk

13-10-2004, 01:32 AM

muuahah what the hell is watch me get better dude.. lol..  your welcome man.. well dyna the link man also gave you lots of goodies

dynafx

13-10-2004, 01:51 AM

well, if its goin to be useful , will add more to  it tmrw

hells angel

13-10-2004, 01:53 AM

hehehe...like what happened at 3dtotal man...."watch me get better"...<IMG src="smileys/smiley17.gif" border="0">..
and the links mans always a great resource.....hes a forum on his own!!<IMG src="smileys/smiley36.gif" border="0">

Crunk

13-10-2004, 11:11 AM

lol.. good one vivek.. even i got one.. DYNAFX A.K.A MADAN A.K.A LORD OF THE LINKS <IMG src="smileys/smiley36.gif" border="0"><IMG src="smileys/smiley36.gif" border="0">

dynafx

15-10-2004, 01:09 PM

How do you use art principles like balance, contrast, movement, and proportion
to compose a powerful work of art? 
 
amazing link, must learn & c topic 
 
http://www.wildlifeart.org/Rungius/

Crunk

18-10-2004, 12:31 AM

^^^^  great link dynafx.. i recommend this one... its a must see for all ppl.. and since its animated .. its good for ppl who dont like to read a lot..

dynafx

09-05-2005, 07:52 PM

By Darcy Brooker
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<td colspan="48" height="84" valign="top" width="468">Composition:
The selection and arrangement of objects within the frame. </td>
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The rule of thirds suggests that your subject should be placed at a point
where the lines intersect.</td>
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<td colspan="27" rowspan="2" height="50" valign="top" width="346">Tip:
Position your character so that it is looking toward the center of the picture.
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<td colspan="15" rowspan="2" height="161" valign="top" width="149"><img src="http://www.hash.com/users/threechickens/comp/chickthirds.jpg" border="2" height="120" width="145" border="0"></td>
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<td height="23" valign="top" width="11"> 
</td>
<td height="23" valign="top" width="11"> 
</td>
<td height="23" valign="top" width="5"> 
</td>
<td height="23" valign="top" width="2"> 
</td>
<td height="23" valign="top" width="8"> 
</td>
<td height="23" valign="top" width="6"> 
</td>
<td height="23" valign="top" width="31"> 
</td>
<td height="23" valign="top" width="13"> 
</td>
<td height="23" valign="top" width="5"> 
</td>
<td height="23" valign="top" width="2"> 
</td>
<td height="23" valign="top" width="23"> 
</td>
<td height="23" valign="top" width="6"> 
</td>
<td height="23" valign="top" width="9"> 
</td>
<td height="23" valign="top" width="2"> 
</td>
<td height="23" valign="top" width="29"> 
</td>
<td height="23" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="23" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="23" valign="top" width="19"> 
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="138" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="138" valign="top" width="15"> 
</td>
<td height="138" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="138" valign="top" width="3"> 
</td>
<td height="138" valign="top" width="5"> 
</td>
<td height="138" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="138" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="138" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="138" valign="top" width="7"> 
</td>
<td height="138" valign="top" width="6"> 
</td>
<td height="138" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td colspan="29" height="138" valign="top" width="365">Tip:
If you are shooting live action always frame your shots to allow for the
action that is about to happen. Frame the action in front of your subject.</td>
<td height="138" valign="top" width="11"> 
</td>
<td height="138" valign="top" width="5"> 
</td>
<td height="138" valign="top" width="2"> 
</td>
<td height="138" valign="top" width="8"> 
</td>
<td height="138" valign="top" width="6"> 
</td>
<td height="138" valign="top" width="31"> 
</td>
<td height="138" valign="top" width="13"> 
</td>
<td height="138" valign="top" width="5"> 
</td>
<td height="138" valign="top" width="2"> 
</td>
<td height="138" valign="top" width="23"> 
</td>
<td height="138" valign="top" width="6"> 
</td>
<td height="138" valign="top" width="9"> 
</td>
<td height="138" valign="top" width="2"> 
</td>
<td height="138" valign="top" width="29"> 
</td>
<td height="138" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="138" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="138" valign="top" width="19"> 
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="42" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="42" valign="top" width="15"> 
</td>
<td height="42" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="42" valign="top" width="3"> 
</td>
<td height="42" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="42" valign="top" width="18"> 
</td>
<td height="42" valign="top" width="25"> 
</td>
<td height="42" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="42" valign="top" width="50"> 
</td>
<td height="42" valign="top" width="10"> 
</td>
<td height="42" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="42" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="42" valign="top" width="27"> 
</td>
<td height="42" valign="top" width="2"> 
</td>
<td height="42" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="42" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="42" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="42" valign="top" width="6"> 
</td>
<td height="42" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="42" valign="top" width="5"> 
</td>
<td height="42" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td colspan="36" height="42" valign="top" width="397">Frame,
Positive Space, Negative Space.</td>
<td height="42" valign="top" width="2"> 
</td>
<td height="42" valign="top" width="8"> 
</td>
<td height="42" valign="top" width="6"> 
</td>
<td height="42" valign="top" width="31"> 
</td>
<td height="42" valign="top" width="13"> 
</td>
<td height="42" valign="top" width="5"> 
</td>
<td height="42" valign="top" width="2"> 
</td>
<td height="42" valign="top" width="23"> 
</td>
<td height="42" valign="top" width="6"> 
</td>
<td height="42" valign="top" width="9"> 
</td>
<td height="42" valign="top" width="2"> 
</td>
<td height="42" valign="top" width="29"> 
</td>
<td height="42" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="42" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="42" valign="top" width="19"> 
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="15"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="3"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="18"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="25"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="50"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="10"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="27"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="2"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="6"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="5"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td colspan="35" rowspan="2" height="99" valign="top" width="397">The
three basic elements of composition are the frame, positive and
negative space. A composition works when there is a balance struck between
all three.</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="8"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="6"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="31"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="13"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="5"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="2"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="23"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="6"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="9"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="2"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="29"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="19"> 
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="49" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="49" valign="top" width="15"> 
</td>
<td colspan="15" rowspan="3" height="128" valign="top" width="149">
<table bordercolorlight="#FFFFFF" bordercolordark="#000000" mm_noconvert="TRUE" border="1" height="109" width="100%">
<t><tr bordercolor="#000000">
<td>

 
</td>
</tr>
</t></table>
</td>
<td height="49" valign="top" width="6"> 
</td>
<td height="49" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="49" valign="top" width="5"> 
</td>
<td height="49" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="49" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="49" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="49" valign="top" width="8"> 
</td>
<td height="49" valign="top" width="6"> 
</td>
<td height="49" valign="top" width="31"> 
</td>
<td height="49" valign="top" width="13"> 
</td>
<td height="49" valign="top" width="5"> 
</td>
<td height="49" valign="top" width="2"> 
</td>
<td height="49" valign="top" width="23"> 
</td>
<td height="49" valign="top" width="6"> 
</td>
<td height="49" valign="top" width="9"> 
</td>
<td height="49" valign="top" width="2"> 
</td>
<td height="49" valign="top" width="29"> 
</td>
<td height="49" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="49" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="49" valign="top" width="19"> 
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="18" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="18" valign="top" width="15"> 
</td>
<td height="18" valign="top" width="6"> 
</td>
<td height="18" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="18" valign="top" width="5"> 
</td>
<td height="18" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="18" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td colspan="21" rowspan="2" height="79" valign="top" width="260"><
The Frame or Boarder is the edge of your picture. The
frame or boarder is what gives definition to your composition</td>
<td height="18" valign="top" width="8"> 
</td>
<td height="18" valign="top" width="13"> 
</td>
<td height="18" valign="top" width="23"> 
</td>
<td height="18" valign="top" width="26"> 
</td>
<td height="18" valign="top" width="7"> 
</td>
<td height="18" valign="top" width="3"> 
</td>
<td height="18" valign="top" width="3"> 
</td>
<td height="18" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="18" valign="top" width="12"> 
</td>
<td height="18" valign="top" width="5"> 
</td>
<td height="18" valign="top" width="8"> 
</td>
<td height="18" valign="top" width="11"> 
</td>
<td height="18" valign="top" width="11"> 
</td>
<td height="18" valign="top" width="5"> 
</td>
<td height="18" valign="top" width="2"> 
</td>
<td height="18" valign="top" width="8"> 
</td>
<td height="18" valign="top" width="6"> 
</td>
<td height="18" valign="top" width="31"> 
</td>
<td height="18" valign="top" width="13"> 
</td>
<td height="18" valign="top" width="5"> 
</td>
<td height="18" valign="top" width="2"> 
</td>
<td height="18" valign="top" width="23"> 
</td>
<td height="18" valign="top" width="6"> 
</td>
<td height="18" valign="top" width="9"> 
</td>
<td height="18" valign="top" width="2"> 
</td>
<td height="18" valign="top" width="29"> 
</td>
<td height="18" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="18" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="18" valign="top" width="19"> 
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="61" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="61" valign="top" width="15"> 
</td>
<td height="61" valign="top" width="6"> 
</td>
<td height="61" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="61" valign="top" width="5"> 
</td>
<td height="61" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="61" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="61" valign="top" width="8"> 
</td>
<td height="61" valign="top" width="13"> 
</td>
<td height="61" valign="top" width="23"> 
</td>
<td height="61" valign="top" width="26"> 
</td>
<td height="61" valign="top" width="7"> 
</td>
<td height="61" valign="top" width="3"> 
</td>
<td height="61" valign="top" width="3"> 
</td>
<td height="61" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="61" valign="top" width="12"> 
</td>
<td height="61" valign="top" width="5"> 
</td>
<td height="61" valign="top" width="8"> 
</td>
<td height="61" valign="top" width="11"> 
</td>
<td height="61" valign="top" width="11"> 
</td>
<td colspan="13" rowspan="5" height="374" valign="top" width="141"><img src="http://www.hash.com/users/threechickens/comp/pump.jpg" height="215" width="141" border="0"></td>
<td height="61" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="61" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="61" valign="top" width="19"> 
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="46" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="46" valign="top" width="15"> 
</td>
<td height="46" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="46" valign="top" width="3"> 
</td>
<td height="46" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="46" valign="top" width="18"> 
</td>
<td height="46" valign="top" width="25"> 
</td>
<td height="46" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="46" valign="top" width="50"> 
</td>
<td height="46" valign="top" width="10"> 
</td>
<td height="46" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="46" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="46" valign="top" width="27"> 
</td>
<td height="46" valign="top" width="2"> 
</td>
<td height="46" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="46" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="46" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="46" valign="top" width="6"> 
</td>
<td height="46" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="46" valign="top" width="5"> 
</td>
<td height="46" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="46" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td colspan="32" height="46" valign="top" width="369">
The positive space is the space occupied by your subject. >
</td>
<td height="46" valign="top" width="11"> 
</td>
<td height="46" valign="top" width="11"> 
</td>
<td height="46" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="46" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="46" valign="top" width="19"> 
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="15"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="3"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="18"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="25"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="50"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="10"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="27"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="2"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="6"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="5"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td colspan="23" rowspan="2" height="76" valign="top" width="303"><
The negative space is the space that is not your subject.
Defined by the edges of the positive space and the frame.</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="26"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="7"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="3"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="3"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="12"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="5"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="8"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="11"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="11"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="19"> 
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="74" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="74" valign="top" width="15"> 
</td>
<td height="74" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td colspan="13" rowspan="2" height="265" valign="top" width="141"><img src="http://www.hash.com/users/threechickens/comp/wpump.jpg" height="215" width="141" border="0"></td>
<td height="74" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="74" valign="top" width="6"> 
</td>
<td height="74" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="74" valign="top" width="5"> 
</td>
<td height="74" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="74" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="74" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="74" valign="top" width="26"> 
</td>
<td height="74" valign="top" width="7"> 
</td>
<td height="74" valign="top" width="3"> 
</td>
<td height="74" valign="top" width="3"> 
</td>
<td height="74" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="74" valign="top" width="12"> 
</td>
<td height="74" valign="top" width="5"> 
</td>
<td height="74" valign="top" width="8"> 
</td>
<td height="74" valign="top" width="11"> 
</td>
<td height="74" valign="top" width="11"> 
</td>
<td height="74" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="74" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="74" valign="top" width="19"> 
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="191" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="191" valign="top" width="15"> 
</td>
<td height="191" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="191" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="191" valign="top" width="6"> 
</td>
<td height="191" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="191" valign="top" width="5"> 
</td>
<td height="191" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="191" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="191" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td colspan="19" height="191" valign="top" width="251"><
The area masked in black is the negative space.</td>
<td height="191" valign="top" width="8"> 
</td>
<td height="191" valign="top" width="8"> 
</td>
<td height="191" valign="top" width="13"> 
</td>
<td height="191" valign="top" width="23"> 
</td>
<td height="191" valign="top" width="26"> 
</td>
<td height="191" valign="top" width="7"> 
</td>
<td height="191" valign="top" width="3"> 
</td>
<td height="191" valign="top" width="3"> 
</td>
<td height="191" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="191" valign="top" width="12"> 
</td>
<td height="191" valign="top" width="5"> 
</td>
<td height="191" valign="top" width="8"> 
</td>
<td height="191" valign="top" width="11"> 
</td>
<td height="191" valign="top" width="11"> 
</td>
<td height="191" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="191" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="191" valign="top" width="19"> 
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="15"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="3"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="18"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="25"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="50"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="10"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="27"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="2"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="6"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="5"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="7"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="6"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="27"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="3"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="84"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="7"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="2"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="11"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="10"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="5"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="11"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="8"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="15"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="26"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="25"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="8"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="8"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="13"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="23"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="26"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="7"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="3"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="3"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="12"> 
</td>
<td colspan="18" rowspan="3" height="204" valign="top" width="180"><img src="http://www.hash.com/users/threechickens/comp/chicknegnpos.jpg" height="144" width="180" border="0"></td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="1" valign="top" width="19"> 
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="20" rowspan="2" height="203" valign="top" width="180"><img src="http://www.hash.com/users/threechickens/comp/chickcouche.jpg" height="144" width="180" border="0"></td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="7"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="6"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="27"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="3"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="84"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="7"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="2"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="11"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="10"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="5"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="11"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="8"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="15"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="26"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="25"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="8"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="8"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="13"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="23"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="26"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="7"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="3"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="3"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="12"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="2" valign="top" width="19"> 
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="201" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="201" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="201" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="201" valign="top" width="7"> 
</td>
<td colspan="24" height="201" valign="top" width="329">
The positive space in a composition can sometimes extend beyond just the
character. In this scene the sofa also becomes part of the positive space.
 The picture frame behind the character is what I would call a bit of a grey
area. If the background was a bit sharper it would start to look like the
picture frame was growing out of the subjects head and would then be considered
part of the positive space. 
</td>
<td height="201" valign="top" width="3"> 
</td>
<td height="201" valign="top" width="3"> 
</td>
<td height="201" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="201" valign="top" width="12"> 
</td>
<td height="201" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="201" valign="top" width="19"> 
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="54" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="54" valign="top" width="15"> 
</td>
<td height="54" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="54" valign="top" width="3"> 
</td>
<td height="54" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="54" valign="top" width="18"> 
</td>
<td height="54" valign="top" width="25"> 
</td>
<td height="54" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="54" valign="top" width="50"> 
</td>
<td height="54" valign="top" width="10"> 
</td>
<td height="54" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td colspan="38" height="54" valign="top" width="393">Tip:
Try not to make your backgrounds to busy or it will distract the viewer from
the main subject.</td>
<td height="54" valign="top" width="3"> 
</td>
<td height="54" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="54" valign="top" width="12"> 
</td>
<td height="54" valign="top" width="5"> 
</td>
<td height="54" valign="top" width="8"> 
</td>
<td height="54" valign="top" width="11"> 
</td>
<td height="54" valign="top" width="11"> 
</td>
<td height="54" valign="top" width="5"> 
</td>
<td height="54" valign="top" width="2"> 
</td>
<td height="54" valign="top" width="8"> 
</td>
<td height="54" valign="top" width="6"> 
</td>
<td height="54" valign="top" width="31"> 
</td>
<td height="54" valign="top" width="13"> 
</td>
<td height="54" valign="top" width="5"> 
</td>
<td height="54" valign="top" width="2"> 
</td>
<td height="54" valign="top" width="23"> 
</td>
<td height="54" valign="top" width="6"> 
</td>
<td height="54" valign="top" width="9"> 
</td>
<td height="54" valign="top" width="2"> 
</td>
<td height="54" valign="top" width="29"> 
</td>
<td height="54" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="54" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="54" valign="top" width="19"> 
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="15"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="3"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="18"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="25"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="50"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="10"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td colspan="39" height="50" valign="top" width="396">Tip:
Always be very aware of background objects that appear to travel out of
or into your subject.</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="12"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="5"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="8"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="11"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="11"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="5"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="2"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="8"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="6"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="31"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="13"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="5"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="2"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="23"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="6"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="9"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="2"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="29"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="50" valign="top" width="19"> 
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="100" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="100" valign="top" width="15"> 
</td>
<td height="100" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="100" valign="top" width="3"> 
</td>
<td height="100" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="100" valign="top" width="18"> 
</td>
<td height="100" valign="top" width="25"> 
</td>
<td height="100" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="100" valign="top" width="50"> 
</td>
<td height="100" valign="top" width="10"> 
</td>
<td colspan="41" height="100" valign="top" width="398">Tip:
Remember negative spaces have shape and form, try to use them to best complement
your subject.</td>
<td height="100" valign="top" width="12"> 
</td>
<td height="100" valign="top" width="5"> 
</td>
<td height="100" valign="top" width="8"> 
</td>
<td height="100" valign="top" width="11"> 
</td>
<td height="100" valign="top" width="11"> 
</td>
<td height="100" valign="top" width="5"> 
</td>
<td height="100" valign="top" width="2"> 
</td>
<td height="100" valign="top" width="8"> 
</td>
<td height="100" valign="top" width="6"> 
</td>
<td height="100" valign="top" width="31"> 
</td>
<td height="100" valign="top" width="13"> 
</td>
<td height="100" valign="top" width="5"> 
</td>
<td height="100" valign="top" width="2"> 
</td>
<td height="100" valign="top" width="23"> 
</td>
<td height="100" valign="top" width="6"> 
</td>
<td height="100" valign="top" width="9"> 
</td>
<td height="100" valign="top" width="2"> 
</td>
<td height="100" valign="top" width="29"> 
</td>
<td height="100" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="100" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="100" valign="top" width="19"> 
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="15"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="3"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="18"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="25"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="50"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="10"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td colspan="16" height="30" valign="top" width="97">Cropping</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="84"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="7"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="2"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="11"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="10"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="5"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="11"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="8"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="15"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="26"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="25"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="8"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="8"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="13"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="23"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="26"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="7"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="3"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="3"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="12"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="5"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="8"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="11"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="11"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="5"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="2"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="8"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="6"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="31"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="13"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="5"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="2"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="23"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="6"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="9"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="2"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="29"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="30" valign="top" width="19"> 
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="15"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="3"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="18"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="25"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="50"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="10"> 
</td>
<td colspan="52" height="51" valign="top" width="510">Cropping
can dramatically improve some images. Making subtle adjustments to the way an
image is framed can allow the eye to move more freely through the scene.</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="5"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="2"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="23"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="6"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="9"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="2"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="29"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="19"> 
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="15"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="3"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="18"> 
</td>
<td colspan="30" rowspan="2" height="268" valign="top" width="323"><img src="http://www.hash.com/users/threechickens/comp/uncroped.jpg" height="243" width="323" border="0"></td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="15"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="26"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="25"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="8"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="8"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="13"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="23"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="26"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="7"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="3"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="3"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="12"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="5"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="8"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="11"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="11"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="5"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="2"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="8"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="6"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="31"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="13"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="5"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="2"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="23"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="6"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="9"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="2"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="29"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="51" valign="top" width="19"> 
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="217" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="217" valign="top" width="15"> 
</td>
<td height="217" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="217" valign="top" width="3"> 
</td>
<td height="217" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="217" valign="top" width="18"> 
</td>
<td height="217" valign="top" width="15"> 
</td>
<td height="217" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="217" valign="top" width="26"> 
</td>
<td height="217" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="217" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td colspan="24" height="217" valign="top" width="259">
< In
this picture the rule of thirds has been applied and the head of the T-rex
has been placed at a point were the lines intersect. 
So what is wrong with the composition?
There is too much negative space at the top and bottom of the picture.
</td>
<td height="217" valign="top" width="6"> 
</td>
<td height="217" valign="top" width="9"> 
</td>
<td height="217" valign="top" width="2"> 
</td>
<td height="217" valign="top" width="29"> 
</td>
<td height="217" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="217" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="217" valign="top" width="19"> 
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="49" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="49" valign="top" width="15"> 
</td>
<td height="49" valign="top" width="4"> 
</td>
<td height="49" valign="top" width="3"> 
</td>
<td height="49" valign="top" width="1"> 
</td>
<td height="49" valign="top" width="18"> 
</td>
<td colspan="30" rowspan="3" height="271" valign="top" width="323"><img src="http://www.hash.com/users/threechickens/comp/croped.jpg" height="243" width="323" border="0"></td>
<td height="49" valign="top" width="15"> 
</td>
<td height="49"